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Chapter Analysis
Intermediate20 pages • EnglishQuick Summary
This chapter on 'Mechanical Properties of Fluids' discusses the fundamental properties of fluids, differentiating them from solids. Fluids, encompassing liquids and gases, are characterized by their ability to flow, which is absent in solids. The chapter extensively covers topics like pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension, and flow dynamics including streamline and turbulent flow. It also provides insights into Bernoulli's principle and its applications in fluid dynamics.
Key Topics
- •Pressure in Fluids
- •Density and Buoyancy
- •Viscosity and Laminar Flow
- •Surface Tension
- •Bernoulli’s Principle
- •Pascal’s Law
- •Turbulent Flow
- •Equation of Continuity
Learning Objectives
- ✓Understand the basic properties that distinguish fluids from solids.
- ✓Apply Bernoulli’s principle to solve fluid flow problems.
- ✓Explain the concept of viscosity and its effect on flow.
- ✓Describe the phenomena of capillarity and surface tension.
- ✓Interpret the effects of pressure changes in fluids at different depths.
- ✓Analyze the practical applications of hydraulic systems using Pascal's Law.
Questions in Chapter
Why is blood pressure in humans greater at the feet than at the brain?
Page 199
Explain the atmospheric pressure change with height.
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Explain why hydrostatic pressure is a scalar quantity.
Page 199
Why does the angle of contact differ between mercury and water with glass?
Page 200
Discuss the capillary action in terms of surface tension.
Page 200
Additional Practice Questions
How does temperature affect the viscosity of liquids and gases?
mediumAnswer: The viscosity of liquids generally decreases with an increase in temperature, while the viscosity of gases increases. This is due to the increased molecular motion in gases that enhances resistance to flow.
Describe Bernoulli’s principle and give a practical example.
mediumAnswer: Bernoulli’s principle states that as we move along a streamline, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy per unit volume, and potential energy per unit volume remains constant. An example is the lift on an airplane wing.
What is the significance of Pascal's Law in hydraulic machines?
easyAnswer: Pascal's Law states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions. This principle is the basis for hydraulic lifts which amplify force.
Explain the concept of surface tension with an example.
easyAnswer: Surface tension is the energy or force at the surface of a liquid that causes it to behave as an elastic sheet. An example is the ability of small insects to walk on water.
How does streamline flow differ from turbulent flow?
mediumAnswer: Streamline flow occurs when fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption, while turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic fluctuations. Streamline flow leads to efficient movement, while turbulence increases drag.